Phase 1 · Step 6 — Technology & Operating Model

Understanding memo on the unified technology and operating model across the 3-SPV portfolio. Revised 2026-05-16.

1. What this technology and operating model is

All three SPVs run Covered Lagoon Anaerobic Digestion (CLAD) as the unified AD technology. The covered-lagoon configuration is a proven, cost-effective approach for municipal-organic and co-digestion feedstock streams — used by the Penang Bio-Methane plant in Malaysia (operating reference for this project class).

The operating model is co-digestion of municipal organic feedstock with animal feedstock at Lamsel and Bandung — animal manure, slaughterhouse byproducts, and livestock waste yield approximately 3-5× more biogas per tonne than MSW organic, lifting overall plant biogas output efficiency. PD Pasarjaya operates on MSW organic alone (urban site, no animal feedstock sourcing).

Output is pipeline-quality Compressed Bio-Methane Gas (CBG) — biogas upgraded to ≥97% methane via membrane separation or pressure swing adsorption (PSA), delivered to PGN grid where available, Pertamina off-grid distribution as alternative, or alternative qualified buyers at prevailing CBG market pricing.

The Penang reference plant anchors operating-data assumptions for utilization, biogas yield per tonne, uptime, parasitic load, and OPEX scaling. Equipment sourcing strategy balances Europe (critical components — digester membranes, biogas upgrading modules, instrumentation), China (non-critical components — pumps, valves, mechanical), and maximum Indonesian content where capable domestic supply exists.

2. The technology and operating model at a glance

CLAD across all three SPVs standardizes the AD technology choice — site-specific variations sit upstream (MRF tier matched to MSW organic purity) and downstream (offtake channel matched to gas grid coverage). The covered-lagoon configuration suits the available land profiles (urban Pulogadung / Cakung corridor for Pasarjaya through Mega AD design; peri-urban 2.5–3.5 ha plots for Lamsel and Bandung).

3. The CLAD operating model

Feedstock receiving and preparation

Feedstock arrives at the plant in distinct streams:

• Municipal organic from market or municipal-waste sources, delivered by truck. Pasarjaya: pre-sorted at 153 traditional markets, no MRF required. Lamsel: TPA Lubuk Kamal aggregated MSW, Light MRF separates organics from residual inerts. Bandung: full MRF (in-kind from Kota Bandung) separates organics from mixed MSW.
• Animal feedstock at Lamsel and Bandung — 75 tpd per site, delivered separately by supplier truck from regional livestock catchment (dairy / poultry near Kec. Natar for Lamsel; West Java poultry and slaughterhouse for Bandung).

Combined feedstock is homogenized and dosed into the covered lagoon at controlled organic loading rate.

Covered Lagoon Anaerobic Digestion

A CLAD plant operates on the principle of in-ground or partially-in-ground lagoons covered by gas-tight membrane. Anaerobic bacteria digest organic matter over a 25–35 day hydraulic retention time (HRT), producing biogas that collects under the membrane cover. Operating parameters at the technology level:

• Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 25–35 days typical for CLAD
• Organic Loading Rate (OLR): site-specific, set by feedstock composition and lagoon volume
• Operating temperature: mesophilic range (~35–40°C); Indonesian climate supports lagoon operation without supplemental heating in most cases
• Methane content of raw biogas: 55–65% — balance is CO2, water vapor, trace H2S
• Parasitic load: 5–10% of biogas production used for plant operations (mixing, pumping, upgrading)
• Operating utilization: target 90%+ (per Penang reference plant operating benchmark)

Co-digestion uplift at Lamsel and Bandung

Co-digestion combines two feedstock streams in the same digester. Animal feedstock (manure, slaughterhouse byproducts, livestock waste) yields approximately 3–5× more biogas per tonne than MSW organic — typically 300–500 m³/tonne for animal vs 80–120 m³/tonne for MSW organic. At 75 tpd animal alongside 250–350 tpd MSW organic, the animal stream represents ~15–20% of total feedstock mass but may contribute ~25–40% of total biogas output.

Co-digestion is established operating practice at the Penang reference plant and other Southeast Asian WtE-AD facilities. The specific biogas-yield assumption per feedstock type is anchored on Penang reference operating data.

Biogas upgrading to pipeline-quality CBG

Raw biogas (55–65% methane) is upgraded to ≥97% methane to meet PGN pipeline specification or Pertamina off-grid distribution standard. Two mature technologies cover the upgrading step:

• Membrane separation — polymeric membranes selectively pass CO2 while retaining methane. Lower CAPEX, modular, well-suited to small-to-medium plants.
• Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) — molecular sieves adsorb CO2 under pressure, methane passes through. Higher recovery rates at larger scales.

Technology selection per SPV depends on scale economics and supplier availability.

Digestate and leachate handling

The post-AD residue (digestate) is dewatered. Liquid fraction routes through a Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) before discharge or recirculation; solid fraction is suitable for soil amendment use under Indonesian biofertilizer regulations.

4. Per-SPV technology and operating detail

4.1 PD Pasarjaya — urban CLAD with hub-and-spoke logistics

• AD configuration: CLAD on the Mega AD site in Jakarta industrial corridor (Pulogadung / Cakung). 3–5 ha plant footprint.
• Feedstock: 350 tpd MSW at 90% organic = 315 tpd MSW net organic. Pre-sorted at source by 153 traditional markets (Top-48 used); no MRF capacity required at the plant.
• No animal co-digestion at Pasarjaya — urban Jakarta site sourcing complexity makes municipal-only operation the practical model.
• Hub-and-spoke logistics: market trucks deliver to 2 transfer stations (Cengkareng + Tg Priok / Koja, 0.7–1.5 ha each), bulk-haul to Mega AD plant. Reduces feeder-haul from 18.4 → 10.4 km/tonne.
• Biogas upgrading: membrane or PSA, sized for ~315 tpd organic throughput. Delivered to PGN Jakarta distribution grid via pipeline interconnection.
• Technical partners: Greenviro Solutions Sdn Bhd as MRF / AD / LTP / operations consultant.

4.2 Bandung — peri-urban CLAD with full MRF and animal co-digestion

• AD configuration: CLAD on 3.5 ha Sarimukti site (Perhutani land, accessed via IPPKH under Kementerian LHK).
• Feedstock: 700 tpd MSW at 50% organic = 350 tpd MSW net organic, plus 75 tpd animal feedstock from West Java livestock catchment (Bandung Regency, Garut, Subang, Cianjur — poultry and slaughterhouse) = 425 tpd total organic. Largest organic-feedstock SPV.
• MRF: full MRF provided in-kind by Kota Bandung / DLH — separates organics from mixed MSW at the plant gate. Reduces project CAPEX and OPEX scope materially.
• Biogas upgrading: membrane or PSA, sized for ~425 tpd organic throughput. Delivered to PGN West Java distribution grid.
• Technical heritage: Feasibility Study (Oct 2025) prepared by PT JABUN with Greenviro Solutions + Orec Sdn Bhd as technical partners. Continuity from FS to construction provides design-team familiarity with the site.

4.3 Lamsel — peri-urban CLAD with light MRF and animal co-digestion

• AD configuration: CLAD on ~2.5 ha at TPA Lubuk Kamal, Kecamatan Natar.
• Feedstock: 500 tpd MSW at 50% organic = 250 tpd MSW net organic, plus 75 tpd animal feedstock from Lampung Selatan catchment (dairy and poultry near Kec. Natar) = 325 tpd total organic.
• MRF: Light MRF in project CAPEX — separates organics from mixed MSW aggregated at TPA Lubuk Kamal (active municipal landfill — feedstock already at a single geographic point).
• Biogas upgrading: membrane or PSA, sized for ~325 tpd organic throughput. Delivered to PGN where grid is available; alternative is Pertamina off-grid truck-mounted CBG distribution to industrial buyers in Lampung (cement, palm oil processing, manufacturing).
• Technical partners: Greenviro Solutions as MRF / AD / LTP / operations consultant.

5. Anchor assumptions

1. CLAD across all three SPVs — Covered Lagoon Anaerobic Digestion is the unified AD technology. Site-specific MRF tier (None / Light / Full) sits upstream of identical CLAD configuration; biogas upgrading (membrane or PSA) and offtake channel sit downstream. The technology choice was confirmed across all sites per user decision 2026-05-16.

2. Co-digestion uplift factor for Lamsel and Bandung biogas yield — animal feedstock yields approximately 3–5× more biogas per tonne than MSW organic. At 75 tpd animal alongside 250–350 tpd MSW organic per site, the animal stream represents ~15–20% of total feedstock mass and may contribute ~25–40% of total biogas output. Specific yield assumption per feedstock type anchored on Penang reference operating data.

3. Penang reference plant as operating benchmark — the Malaysian Penang Bio-Methane plant (operating reference; Greenviro Solutions + Orec involvement) anchors operating-data assumptions for utilization (90%+ target), uptime, biogas yield per tonne, parasitic load (5–10% of biogas production), and OPEX scaling. Penang serves as both the operating-data reference and the de-risking evidence anchor.

4. Biogas upgrading to ≥97% methane CBG via membrane or PSA — both upgrading technologies are mature and supplier-available in Asia. Per-SPV technology choice depends on scale economics and supplier sourcing. Output meets PGN pipeline specification and Pertamina off-grid distribution standard.

5. Equipment sourcing strategy: Europe critical + China non-critical + max Indonesian content. Critical equipment from Europe (digester membranes, biogas upgrading modules, instrumentation) for proven 20+ year reliability; non-critical equipment from China (pumps, valves, mechanical components) for cost-competitive mature supply chains; maximum Indonesian content for civil works, infrastructure, and standard mechanical/electrical equipment where capable domestic supply exists.